Browsing by Type "Article"
  • Institution Publication
    Characterization of intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer and their relationship with staging: an observational study
    ( 2025-01-01)
    Tapia-Uriol P.
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    Becerra-Goicochea L.
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    Becerra-Goicochea L.
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    Campos-Valderrama V.
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    del Valle-Mendoza J.
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    Aguilar-Luis M.A.
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    Silva-Caso W.G.
    Background: Breast cancer is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality among women around the world. In Peru, it has recently surpassed cervical cancer as the most commonly reported cancer. Studying the relationship between intrinsic breast cancer subtypes and disease staging can optimize diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Therefore, there is a need for better risk stratification, selection of personalized treatment, and improved early detection strategies. We conducted this study to address the lack of data on underrepresented populations such as the Peruvian population. The objective of the study was to analyze the distribution of intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer and their correlation with prognostic factors and demographic characteristics among women in Peru. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective observational study was conducted, analyzing 67 cases of breast cancer of various intrinsic subtypes diagnosed at a referral hospital in Peru. Clinical, demographic, and pathological data were collected, including histological type, intrinsic subtype, tumor stage, and geographic origin of the patients. Intrinsic subtypes were classified through immunohistochemistry, and the data were processed to determine their distribution and correlation with prognostic factors such as disease stage. Results: The mean age of the 67 patients included in the study was 54.2 years. The majority of cases originated from the city of Cajamarca (56.7%, n = 38). Invasive breast carcinoma of no special type was the most common histological type (62.7%, n = 42). Among the intrinsic subtypes, luminal B was the most common (31.3%, n = 21), followed by luminal A and triple-negative (22.4%, n = 15), both with the same frequency. Furthermore, 16.4% (n = 11) of patients presented with metastasis at the time of evaluation. A high frequency of tumors was observed in Tumor, Nodes, Metastasis (TNM) stages 3 and 4, accounting for 49.2% (n = 33). Conclusion: This study describes the heterogeneity of breast cancer based on the identification of intrinsic subtypes within the analyzed population. The high frequency of luminal B, luminal A, and triple-negative subtypes is notable. The highest frequency of identified cases was in the advanced stages, highlighting the need for personalized treatments and improved early detection strategies.
  • Institution Publication
    Financing of municipal current expenditure through local taxes: a systematic review
    ( 2024-10-07)
    Canales H.B.G.
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    Challco J.M.
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    Cubas W.E.V.
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    Flores F.R.F.
    This study examines key factors influencing the financing of municipal current expenditure through local taxes, emphasizing the importance of strengthening local tax resources to enhance municipal fiscal autonomy. A systematic literature review was conducted using Scopus and Web of Science databases, focusing on keywords such as financing, municipal current expenditure, and local taxes. The review included 19 articles in Spanish and English published between 2014-2022. Findings indicate that local tax autonomy, diversified tax structures, economic cycles, tax culture, effective enforcement, and local political commitment significantly affect municipalities' self-financing capacity. Property taxes and intergovernmental tax coordination also play crucial roles. The interplay of strategic, institutional, and contextual elements determines local governments' ability to finance expenditures and investments through self-administered taxes. Evidence suggests that municipalities effectively harmonizing these variables may reduce their dependence on discretionary central transfers, gaining autonomy in defining budgetary priorities according to local needs. The study provides a foundation for comprehensive municipal tax reforms aimed at increasing local fiscal independence. Finally, the study's findings offer practical guidance for implementing comprehensive municipal tax reforms, potentially leading to enhanced fiscal autonomy and more sustainable local government financing.
  • Institution Publication
    Genotypic diversity and molecular characterization of DENV-2 in a Peruvian endemic region from 2016 to 2022: displacement of American/Asian genotype
    ( 2025-01-01)
    Tarazona-Castro Y.
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    Tarazona-Castro Y.
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    Aguilar-Luis M.A.
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    Silva-Caso W.
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    Watson H.
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    Zavaleta-Gavidia V.
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    Zavaleta-Gavidia V.
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    Aquino-Ortega R.
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    Del Valle L.J.
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    Del Valle L.J.
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    Bazan-Mayra J.
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    Bazan-Mayra J.
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    Mayta Huatuco E.
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    del Valle-Mendoza J.
    Background: Dengue is the most prevalent acute febrile disease with serious clinical consequences in the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and America. In Peru, it represents a significant public health issue due to its hyperendemic nature, with serotype 2 (DENV-2) being the predominant serotype that leads to the most severe clinical manifestations of the disease. This study focuses on the molecular characterization and analysis of the intraserotypic diversity of DENV-2 circulating in the endemic region of Cajamarca. Methods: A total of 3,967 blood serum samples from patients with acute febrile illness (AFI) were analyzed between 2016 and 2022 to detect DENV and DENV-2 using real-time RT-PCR. The viral envelope (E) gene was then sequenced using the Sanger method. Finally, phylogenetic reconstruction was conducted using the maximum likelihood method. Results: A total of 32 complete sequences of the envelope gene were obtained, and the phylogenetic and characterization analyses of the amino acid sequences revealed that, during the period from 2016 to 2022, two DENV-2 genotypes circulated: the Am/As genotype and the cosmopolitan genotype in lineages 2 and C, respectively. Conclusion: Similarly, our findings showed that every studied outbreak was characterized by novel autochthonous variants of the Am/As genotype and by an imported variant of the cosmopolitan genotype; this demonstrates a temporal distribution of intraserotypic variability that indicates the displacement of the Am/As genotype around 2021 and the establishment of the cosmopolitan genotype. The need for ongoing genetic or genomic surveillance of the cosmopolitan virus arises in order to understand its distribution and diversification patterns in Peru.
  • Institution Publication
    Prevalence of coinfections in a cross-sectional cohort of women screened for multiple pathogens in Peru
    ( 2023-03-01)
    Pella-Saavedra P.
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    Ramos-Vallejos F.
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    del Valle-Mendoza J.
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    del Valle-Mendoza J.
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    Becerra-Goicochea L.
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    Becerra-Goicochea L.
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    Silva-Caso W.
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    Silva-Caso W.
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    Pinillos-Vilca L.
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    Pinillos-Vilca L.
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    Cornejo-Tapia A.
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    Martins-Luna J.
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    Martins-Luna J.
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    Aquino-Ortega R.
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    Aquino-Ortega R.
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    Carrillo-Ng H.
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    Carrillo-Ng H.
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    Aguilar-Luis M.A.
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    Aguilar-Luis M.A.
    Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma genitalium among asymptomatic women with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in 842 asymptomatic women from Cajamarca, Peru. The pathogens were detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the results were analyzed according to the HPV status: high-risk HPV, low-risk HPV and negative for HPV. Demographical and gyneco-obstetric data was analyzed to identify risk factors. Results: We found that 23.99% (202/842) women were positive for HPV, of whom 79.21% (160/202) were infected with a high-risk genotype. Co-infections were evaluated and 14.38% (23/160) were positive for Ureaplasma urealyticum, 9.38% (15/160) for Chlamydia trachomatis and 1.25% (2/160) for Mycoplasma genitalium. We found a significant association between HPV genotype and the number of children, partners, and history of sexual abuse. The co-infection between high-risk HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis was associated with number of abortions, number of sexual partners and no use of condom. Finally, co-infection between high-risk HPV and Ureaplasma urealyticum was associated with no use of condom and history of STIs. Conclusion: HPV infection continues to be a highly relevant problem in Peru, particularly due to the high prevalence of high-risk genotypes. In addition, we report high rates of co-infections with other STIs, such as U. urealyticum and C. trachomatis. We highlight the importance of active surveillance to promptly diagnose these infections, since they may lead to persistent HPV infections.
  • Institution Publication
    Specialized Knowledge of a Secondary Teacher in Designing Classes of Quadrilaterals
    ( 2024-07-01)
    Clemente E.A.
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    Céspedes I.T.
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    Montes M.
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    Carreño E.
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    Yon F.H.
    Lesson planning makes possible organizing a teaching sequence coherent with the expected knowledge. The purpose of this work is to characterize the knowledge that a secondary mathematics teacher puts into play when designs class lessons about quadrilaterals. We present a case study in which the categories of the Mathematics Teacher Specialized Knowledge are used to show the knowledge he/she uses in the designing of the aforementioned lesson plans. The outcomes show the relevance of the decisions taken by the teacher during teacher planning related to the didactical strategies and resources.